Interventional methods win support from Jehovah’s Witnesses

A group of radiologists from Boston Medical Center is using interventional techniques to treat bleeding Jehovah's Witness patients.

The Jehovah's Witness (JW) movement was established by Charles Russell in Pennsylvania in the 1870s and now has six million followers worldwide. Issues with blood transfusions were first described in the July 1945 edition of The Watchtower, the movement's official publication. Followers believe ingestion of blood can result in loss of eternal life, eternal damnation, and excommunication from their congregation. Many also believe that individuals offering to transfuse blood are acting through the devil's influence.

Acceptable medical treatments for JWs include most surgical/interventional procedures and anesthesiologic blood conservation methods, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, synthetic oxygen therapeutics, non-blood volume expanders, pharmacologic agents that do not contain blood components or fractions such as vasoconstrictors, agents that enhance hematopoiesis, and recombinant products, said Dr. Nii-Kabu Kabutey, lead author of the Boston group's RSNA 09 education exhibit.

Other procedures that are acceptable to some JWs include apheresis, hemodialysis, plasma-derived fractions (immunoglobulins, vaccines, antivenins, albumin, cryoprecipitate), hemostatic products containing blood fractions (fibrin glue and/or sealant), and hemostatic bandages containing plasma fractions and thrombin sealants.

Many JWs have problems finding a physician who will treat them in accordance with their beliefs, and they fear their beliefs would not be respected during a medical emergency. Conversely, some physicians think these beliefs are at odds with their duty to promote a patient's well being, according to Kabutey.

Before a procedure, the Boston Medical Center team evaluates the patient's history of bleeding or previous hematologic or thrombotic disorders, plus the individual's family history in this area. Members of the team then obtain a modified informed consent, aggressively treat anemia, work to minimize iatrogenic blood loss and the number of blood samples taken, and use pediatric tubes. They use various techniques to limit blood loss and reduce transfusion requirements, including meticulous hemostasis and use of closure devices to the puncture site, good manual compression at the puncture site, and reverse anticoagulation if clinically feasible.

After the procedure, further methods are used to reduce blood loss, such as close clinical follow-up, minimizing oxygen consumption, and maximizing oxygen saturation.

"Understanding the social and clinical challenges in the treatment of JW patients is essential to provide quality care," Kabutey said. "Proper preprocedural planning can improve the outcome of interventional procedures on bleeding JW patients."

One of the group's success stories was a 57-year-old JW woman with an acute onset of bright red blood per rectum. A colonoscopy did not reveal any abnormal pathology. Embolization of the right colonic artery was successful, and the patient did not require a transfusion or surgical intervention. In another case, a 33-year-old female JW presented acutely with postpartum hemorrhage. She refused a transfusion and wanted to avoid a hysterectomy. Bilateral embolization of uterine arteries was accomplished with Gelfoam. Her bleeding stopped after the procedure, and she did not require a hysterectomy.